Indian Diaspora Literature ME-2

Syllabus topics (RTMNU)

• Meaning and Definition of Indian Diaspora Writing, Historical Background of the Indian Diaspora
• Causes of Migration and Settlement of Indians Abroad
• Themes of Identity and Cultural Conflict in Diaspora Literature, Nostalgia and the Concept of Homeland
• Hybridity, Multiculturalism, and Double Identity
• Major Indian Diasporic Writers and Their Works (Salman Rushdie, V.S. Naipaul, Bharati Mukherjee and Amitav Ghosh)

1. Meaning and Definition of Indian Diaspora Writing; Historical Background of the Indian Diaspora

Meaning of Diaspora

The word diaspora comes from Greek. It means to scatter or to sow across, as seeds are scattered. It was first used for the Jewish people, who were scattered from their homeland. Today it means any group of people who live away from their original homeland. They still keep an emotional and cultural link with it.

Indian Diaspora Writing is literature written by people of Indian origin who live outside India, or who have lived abroad for a long time. It may be written by migrants (first generation) or by their children born abroad (second and later generations). Its main subjects are migration, memory, loss, identity and adjustment to a new culture.

Key Thinkers and Terms

• William Safran: listed features of a diaspora, such as dispersal from a homeland, a shared memory or myth of the homeland, a feeling of not being fully accepted in the host country, and a wish to return.
• Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas: classified diasporas into types such as victim, labour, trade and imperial diasporas.
• Vijay Mishra: described the old Indian diaspora as a diaspora of exclusivism and the new one as a diaspora of the border.
• Homi K. Bhabha: gave the ideas of hybridity and the Third Space.
• Avtar Brah: used the term homing desire, which is a longing for home that is not the same as wanting to return.

Historical Background

1. Ancient and medieval period: Indian traders, monks and scholars travelled to South-East Asia, Central Asia and East Africa. They spread trade, Buddhism and culture.
2. Indentured labour (Girmit) period, from the 1830s to 1917: Slavery was abolished in the British Empire. After that, poor Indian labourers were taken on contract (called girmit, from the word 'agreement') to work on sugar plantations. They went to Mauritius, Trinidad, Guyana, Fiji, South Africa and other colonies. They are called Girmitiyas.
3. Kangani and Maistry systems: Labour was recruited through middlemen for Sri Lanka, Malaya and Burma.
4. Free or passenger migration: Traders, especially from Gujarat and Punjab, went to East Africa and other places.
5. Post-Independence migration (after 1947): Workers went to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Professionals such as doctors, engineers and later IT experts went to the USA, Canada and Australia. Workers went to the Gulf countries from the 1970s.

2. Causes of Migration and Settlement of Indians Abroad

Push Factors (forces in India)

• Poverty, famine and unemployment in colonial India.
• Debt and landlessness among peasants.
• Social pressures such as caste discrimination.
• Lack of opportunities in higher education and research.

Pull Factors (attractions abroad)

• Demand for cheap labour on colonial plantations.
• Better jobs, higher salaries and a better standard of living.
• Higher education in Western universities.
• Family reunion, marriage and an established community abroad.
• Globalisation and the demand for IT and medical professionals.

Other Causes

• Colonial policy: The British moved Indian labour across the Empire.
• Political causes: Partition, wars, and later expulsions forced some people to move again. One example is the expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972.
• Brain drain: Educated Indians settled abroad.

Effects: Migration led to remittances (money sent home), cultural exchange, and a new class of diaspora writers. It also brought loneliness, racism and identity crises.

3. Themes of Identity and Cultural Conflict; Nostalgia and the Concept of Homeland

Identity and Cultural Conflict

• Identity crisis: The migrant asks, 'Who am I? Indian, American, British, or both?'
• Clash of cultures: Traditional Indian values such as family, religion, food and arranged marriage meet Western individualism.
• Generation gap: First-generation parents hold on to Indian ways. Children born abroad prefer the host culture.
• Racism and alienation: Migrants face discrimination and feel like 'outsiders'.
• Gender: Women often face double pressure, from tradition and from the new society. Bharati Mukherjee and Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni write about this.

Nostalgia and the Concept of Homeland

• Nostalgia means a painful longing for the past and for home. Diaspora writers remember the sights, smells, food, festivals and languages of India.
• The homeland often becomes an 'imaginary homeland'. This phrase comes from Salman Rushdie's famous essay. The India the migrant remembers is partly created by memory. It may no longer exist in reality.
• Myth of return: Migrants dream of going back but rarely do.
• Rootlessness: Some writers feel they belong neither to the old home nor the new one. This is strongly seen in V.S. Naipaul.

4. Hybridity, Multiculturalism, and Double Identity

Hybridity

Hybridity means the mixing of two or more cultures to form something new. Homi Bhabha argued that this mixed Third Space is creative. It is not just a loss. Examples are mixing English with Hindi or Urdu words (as in Rushdie), fusion food, and mixed festivals.

Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is a social idea or policy in which many cultures live together with equal respect. Canada is often given as an example. Diaspora literature shows both its promise and its limits, such as tokenism and hidden racism.

Double Identity

The migrant carries two identities at once, such as Indian-American or British-Asian. This can cause tension, like being 'neither here nor there'. It can also give strength through a wider outlook.

5. Major Indian Diasporic Writers and Their Works

Salman Rushdie (born 1947, Bombay)

• Works: Midnight's Children (1981, Booker Prize; also named 'Booker of Bookers'), Shame (1983), The Satanic Verses (1988), The Moor's Last Sigh (1995), Shalimar the Clown (2005), the essay collection Imaginary Homelands, and the stories East, West.
• Features: He uses magic realism, mixed 'chutnified' English, history combined with fantasy, migration and hybridity.
• The Satanic Verses led to a fatwa against him in 1989. He was knighted in 2007.

V.S. Naipaul (1932–2018, born in Trinidad)

• He was a descendant of Indian indentured labourers.
• Works: A House for Mr Biswas (1961), The Mimic Men (1967), In a Free State (1971, Booker Prize), A Bend in the River (1979), The Enigma of Arrival (1987). His India trilogy includes An Area of Darkness, India: A Wounded Civilization and India: A Million Mutinies Now.
• Features: He wrote about rootlessness, homelessness, mimicry and the search for identity in a clear, sharp prose style. He was often critical of post-colonial societies.
• He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001.

Bharati Mukherjee (1940–2017, born in Calcutta)

• Works: The Tiger's Daughter (1971), Wife (1975), The Middleman and Other Stories (1988, National Book Critics Circle Award), Jasmine (1989), Desirable Daughters (2002).
• Features: She wrote about immigrant women and their transformation. She celebrated assimilation into America rather than nostalgia. She called herself an American writer.

Amitav Ghosh (born 1956, Calcutta)

• Works: The Circle of Reason (1986), The Shadow Lines (1988, Sahitya Akademi Award), In an Antique Land, The Glass Palace (2000), The Hungry Tide (2004). His Ibis Trilogy includes Sea of Poppies, River of Smoke and Flood of Fire. He also wrote The Great Derangement, which is on climate change.
• Features: He writes about borders, memory, history, colonialism, and the indentured migration in Sea of Poppies. He also writes about the environment.
• He received the Jnanpith Award (for 2018).

Likely exam questions

1. (Long answer) Define Indian Diaspora Literature. Discuss the historical background of the Indian diaspora and the causes of migration of Indians abroad.
2. (Long answer) Discuss the major themes of Indian Diaspora Literature, such as identity, cultural conflict, nostalgia, homeland, hybridity and double identity, with suitable examples.
3. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on the contribution of V.S. Naipaul or Salman Rushdie to diaspora literature.
4. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on hybridity and multiculturalism in diaspora writing.
5. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on nostalgia and the concept of 'imaginary homelands'.

Syllabus topics (RTMNU)

• Rohinton Mistry - Such a Long Journey

Rohinton Mistry - Such a Long Journey

1. About the Author: Rohinton Mistry

• Born: 1952 in Bombay (now Mumbai), into a Parsi (Zoroastrian) family.
• Migration: He moved to Canada in 1975 and settled in Toronto. He studied there and began writing short stories.
• Diasporic position: He lives in Canada but almost all his fiction is set in Bombay. He looks back at India from abroad, which is a typical feature of diaspora writing (memory, nostalgia, homeland).
• Major works: Tales from Firozsha Baag (1987, short stories), Such a Long Journey (1991), A Fine Balance (1995), Family Matters (2002).
• Honours for this novel: Shortlisted for the Booker Prize (1991); won Canada's Governor General's Award and the Commonwealth Writers' Prize. It was made into a film in 1998.

2. Setting and Background

• Place: Khodadad Building, a Parsi residential building in Bombay.
• Time: 1971, the period of the Indo-Pak war and the creation of Bangladesh, when Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister.
• Historical base: The money-fraud plot is loosely based on a real bank fraud of 1971 in which a large sum was withdrawn from a bank in Delhi using a telephone call said to be in the Prime Minister's voice (often called the Nagarwala case).
• Title: Taken from T.S. Eliot's poem Journey of the Magi, quoted as an epigraph. It suggests a long and painful journey of life, faith and self-discovery.

3. Summary of the Novel (in our own words)

Gustad Noble is an honest, middle-aged Parsi bank clerk. He lives with his wife Dilnavaz and three children - Sohrab, Darius and little daughter Roshan. His family was once well-off, but his father lost everything, so Gustad values honour and education.

His big dream is that Sohrab should study at IIT. Sohrab gets admission but refuses to go, which leads to a bitter quarrel between father and son. At the same time Roshan falls seriously ill, and Dilnavaz, worried, turns to the strange neighbour Miss Kutpitia for magical remedies.

Gustad's old friend Major Jimmy Bilimoria, who had left the building without a word, suddenly sends him a letter and a large amount of money. He asks Gustad to deposit it secretly in his bank, saying it is for a secret national cause (helping the freedom fighters of Bangladesh). Gustad trusts him, but slowly realises he is being drawn into a dangerous fraud. Through his cheerful colleague Dinshawji he manages to handle the money, and Jimmy's agent Ghulam Mohammed pressures him.

Gustad finally travels to Delhi to meet Jimmy in jail. He learns that Jimmy was used and betrayed by people in power. Jimmy later dies. Dinshawji also dies of illness. Meanwhile, Gustad allows a pavement artist to paint pictures of gods and saints of all religions on the building's compound wall, which turns the dirty wall into a shrine.

At the end the municipal authorities come to demolish the wall to widen the road. People protest and violence breaks out. Tehmul, the disabled, childlike young man of the building, is killed. Gustad mourns him deeply. In the final scene Gustad tears down the black-out paper that had covered his windows for years, a sign of letting in light, accepting loss, and making peace with life.

4. Major Themes

• Parsi identity and minority anxiety: The Parsis are a small, shrinking community. Characters fear the loss of their culture and feel insecure in changing India.
• Political corruption and betrayal: The fraud shows how powerful leaders misuse ordinary, loyal people like Jimmy. Trust in government is broken.
• Friendship and loss: Gustad loses Jimmy, Dinshawji and Tehmul. The novel shows how friendship gives meaning to life.
• Father-son conflict: Gustad's broken dream for Sohrab shows a clash of generations and expectations.
• Secularism and unity: The wall painted with gods of all faiths symbolises India's religious harmony; its destruction shows how fragile that harmony is.
• Faith versus reason: Dilnavaz's use of Miss Kutpitia's magic is set against Gustad's practical thinking.
• Memory and homeland: As a diaspora writer, Mistry recreates Bombay with love and detail - a form of nostalgia.

5. Character Sketches (short)

6. Symbols

• The Wall: Religious unity, community, beauty created from dirt.
• Black-out paper: Fear, darkness and closed life; removing it means hope.
• The Journey: Gustad's inner journey from bitterness to acceptance.

7. Style and Narrative Technique

• Realism: Detailed picture of Parsi daily life, food, prayers and Bombay streets.
• Third-person narration mostly through Gustad's point of view.
• Blend of comedy and tragedy: humour (Dinshawji) mixed with deep sorrow.
• Fusion of history and fiction: real events of 1971 mixed with personal lives.
• Use of Parsi Gujarati and Hindi words gives local colour.

8. Critical Points

• The novel is praised as a humane story of an ordinary man and a 'small' community against big history.
• It criticises the political system of its time, which caused some controversy in India later.
• It shows that Indian English diaspora fiction can be deeply local yet universal.

Likely exam questions

1. (Long answer) Discuss Such a Long Journey as a novel of Parsi identity and diasporic experience.
2. (Long answer) Draw a character sketch of Gustad Noble and explain how his life becomes a 'long journey'.
3. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on the symbolism of the wall in Such a Long Journey.
4. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on the role of Major Jimmy Bilimoria in the novel.
5. (Short answer / short note) Explain the significance of the title Such a Long Journey.

Syllabus topics (RTMNU)

• Vijay Seshadri - Bright Copper Kettles
• Suniti Namjoshi - Grass Blade
• Agha Shahid Ali - Snowmen
• Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni - Cutting the Sun
• Meena Alexander - Muse

Introduction to Unit 3: Indian Diaspora Poetry

Indian diaspora poetry is poetry written in English by poets of Indian origin who live or have lived abroad, mainly in the USA, UK and Canada. These poets often write about memory, homeland, loss, identity, language, gender and belonging. All five poems are in the prescribed book Variant Colours of Diaspora Writings. Read each poem from that book carefully, because the notes below give background and a framework for study. They are not a replacement for the text.

Vijay Seshadri - Bright Copper Kettles

About the Poet

• He was born in 1954 in Bangalore, India. He moved to the USA as a small child and grew up in Columbus, Ohio.
• He is an Indian-American poet, essayist and teacher, and has long taught at Sarah Lawrence College, New York.
• His main collections are Wild Kingdom, The Long Meadow and 3 Sections. 3 Sections won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (2014).
• His style is philosophical, ironic and conversational. He often deals with the self, consciousness, everyday experience and spiritual questions.

The Title

'Bright copper kettles' is a famous phrase from the song 'My Favorite Things' in The Sound of Music. In that song it is one of a list of simple, comforting pleasures. The title therefore suggests ordinary objects of comfort, domestic happiness and possibly an ironic look at such 'favourite things'.

How to Study the Poem

• Note how the poet treats everyday objects and experiences, and what deeper idea they point to (self, time, happiness, emptiness).
• Look for irony: does the poem accept or question the cosy picture the title suggests?
• Diasporic angle: Seshadri's identity was shaped in America. His diasporic quality is subtle. It comes through as a feeling of being an observer or outsider rather than through direct nostalgia for India.
• Style: free verse, plain speech mixed with abstract thought, and surprising turns of idea.

Suniti Namjoshi - Grass Blade

About the Poet

• She was born in 1941 in Bombay (Mumbai). She worked for some time in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
• She later taught in Canada (University of Toronto) and settled in the UK.
• She is a feminist writer, best known for her fables: Feminist Fables, The Conversations of Cow and The Blue Donkey Fables.
• Her style is short and witty. She uses myth and fable and has a sharp feminist and lesbian perspective.

The Title and How to Study It

• A grass blade is a small, ordinary and easily ignored thing. It is also tough and able to survive.
• As you read, ask whether the grass blade stands for the small individual, a woman, a marginal person, or the persistence of life.
• Look for Namjoshi's typical features: brevity, wit, symbolism, a reversal of expected ideas, and questions of power and voice.
• Diasporic angle: she writes as a migrant woman crossing cultures (India, Canada, UK). Look for themes of displacement, otherness and quiet resistance.

Agha Shahid Ali - Snowmen

About the Poet

• He was born in 1949 in New Delhi and grew up in Srinagar, Kashmir. He later lived and taught in the USA, and died in 2001.
• He is called a 'Kashmiri-American' poet. He made the ghazal popular in English.
• His main works include The Half-Inch Himalayas (in which 'Snowmen' appears), A Walk Through the Yellow Pages, The Country Without a Post Office, Rooms Are Never Finished and Call Me Ishmael Tonight.

Summary (in our own words)

The speaker describes his ancestor as a man made of Himalayan snow. This ancestor came to Kashmir from Samarkand in Central Asia, bringing heirlooms connected with the sea. His body and breath are imagined as glacial and icy. The heritage passes from father to son as a line of 'snowmen'. The speaker sees himself as the last in this line. As each spring arrives, the snowmen melt, and he fears that the family memory will vanish with him.

Themes

• Ancestry and heritage: the family line traced back to Central Asia shows how Kashmiri identity is itself mixed and migratory.
• Loss and impermanence: melting snow is a symbol of fading tradition and memory.
• Identity of the last inheritor: the poet in exile feels responsible for keeping the past alive.
• Homeland: the Kashmir landscape (snow, glaciers, Himalayas) is central.

Style

The poem uses an extended metaphor (ancestor as snowman), striking and surreal images, short lines and a calm but sad tone.

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni - Cutting the Sun

About the Poet

• She was born in 1956 in Kolkata and moved to the USA for higher studies. She lives in the USA.
• She is a novelist, short-story writer and poet. Her works include Arranged Marriage, The Mistress of Spices, Sister of My Heart and The Palace of Illusions. Her poetry collections include Black Candle and Leaving Yuba City.
• Her major concerns are the lives of Indian women at home and abroad, immigrant experience, family, tradition and freedom.

How to Study the Poem

• The title 'Cutting the Sun' is a bold, impossible image. Consider whether it suggests ambition, violence, creativity, or breaking free from limits.
• Look for women's experience, Indian domestic or mythic imagery, and the clash between tradition and the new world.
• Note her style: rich sensory images (colour, food, heat, light) and an emotional, lyrical voice.

Meena Alexander - Muse

About the Poet

• She was born in 1951 in Allahabad and grew up in Kerala and Sudan. She lived and taught in New York, and died in 2018.
• Her works include the memoir Fault Lines and the poetry collections Illiterate Heart, Raw Silk and Atmospheric Embroidery.
• She wrote about multiple migrations, memory, the body, language and the 'fractured' self of the migrant woman.

How to Study the Poem

• Muse: in Greek tradition, the Muses are goddesses who inspire poets. A poem titled 'Muse' is usually about the source of poetic inspiration.
• Ask who or what the muse is for this poet. It may be a figure from childhood, a homeland, a mother tongue, or memory itself.
• Diasporic angle: look for links between inspiration and the lost home (Kerala, India), multiple languages (Malayalam and English), and the poet's search for her own voice.

Comparison Table

Likely exam questions

1. (Long answer) Discuss 'Snowmen' by Agha Shahid Ali as a poem of ancestry, memory and loss.
2. (Long answer) Explain the main diasporic themes found in the poems prescribed in Unit 3, with reference to any three poets.
3. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on Agha Shahid Ali as a diasporic poet.
4. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on Suniti Namjoshi and her feminist concerns.
5. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on Meena Alexander's treatment of memory and the idea of the muse.

Syllabus topics (RTMNU)

• Jhumpa Lahiri - Nobody's Business
• Anita Desai - Studies in the Park
• V. S. Naipaul - The Enemy
• Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni - The Bats

1. Jhumpa Lahiri – Nobody's Business

About the Author

Jhumpa Lahiri (born 1967, London) is an American writer of Bengali parents who grew up in the USA. Her collection Interpreter of Maladies (1999) won the Pulitzer Prize (2000). Her other works include The Namesake (novel) and Unaccustomed Earth (2008), the collection that contains 'Nobody's Business'. She writes about Bengali immigrants and their American-born children.

Summary (in our own words)

The story is told mainly through Paul, an American graduate student preparing for his examinations. He shares a house near Boston with Sang (Sangeeta), a Bengali-American woman, and another housemate, Heather. Sang often receives phone calls from Bengali men who want to marry her because relatives have recommended her. She refuses them all because she loves Farouk, an Egyptian man. Paul is quietly attracted to Sang. He slowly learns that Farouk is selfish and is secretly involved with another woman. Paul gets drawn into Sang's private life. In the end Sang is deeply hurt and leaves for London. Paul is left alone, having watched someone else's life fall apart.

Themes

• Second-generation identity: Sang is caught between family pressure for an arranged marriage and her own American freedom.
• Love and betrayal: Farouk deceives and controls Sang.
• Privacy and interference: The title asks whose 'business' another person's life really is.
• Loneliness: Paul observes rather than acts. His love remains unspoken.

Style

The style is quiet, realistic and detailed. The narration uses an outsider (Paul) to show the diasporic character, Sang. There is little drama on the surface, but deep emotion underneath.

2. Anita Desai – Studies in the Park

About the Author

Anita Desai (born 1937) has a Bengali father and a German mother. She later taught and lived abroad, mainly in the USA and Britain, which links her to the diaspora. Her major works include Clear Light of Day, In Custody and Fasting, Feasting. She is known for psychological depth. 'Studies in the Park' comes from Games at Twilight (1978).

Summary

The narrator, Suno, is a young man preparing for an important examination in a crowded Delhi house. His family is noisy and his father keeps pushing him to study. Unable to concentrate, he starts studying in a nearby park, where many tense students like him memorise notes. One day he sees an old, sick woman lying with her head in the lap of a man who looks at her with great love. This sight of love and suffering moves him deeply. Exams, marks and ambition suddenly seem meaningless. He gives up the race for marks and feels a strange inner freedom.

Themes

• Pressure of the examination system and middle-class ambition.
• Search for meaning: true life lies in love, beauty and compassion, not in degrees.
• Alienation: the individual feels lost inside the family and society.
• Epiphany: a sudden moment of spiritual awakening.

Style

First-person narration, vivid imagery of the city and the park, satire on the exam culture, and a lyrical, almost mystical climax.

3. V. S. Naipaul – The Enemy

About the Author

Sir V. S. Naipaul (1932–2018) was born in Trinidad into a family of Indian indentured-labour origin and settled in England. He won the Booker Prize (1971) and the Nobel Prize in Literature (2001). His major works include A House for Mr Biswas, Miguel Street and The Mimic Men. 'The Enemy' appears in A Flag on the Island (1967).

Summary (broad outline)

A young boy in Trinidad narrates the story. He openly says he has always looked upon his mother as his 'enemy'. He loves his gentle, nervous father, who works on a sugar estate in the countryside and lives in fear of hostile labourers. After the father's death, the boy lives with his mother in the city. She is strict and harsh, and he often thinks with longing of his father. Towards the end, an incident reveals the mother's hidden care. The boy's feelings become more complex, mixing resentment with dependence.

Themes

• Parent–child conflict and misunderstanding.
• Fear and insecurity in colonial Trinidadian society.
• Displacement: the Indo-Caribbean family is uprooted from country to city.
• Irony: the so-called enemy turns out to be the one who cares.

Style

Simple, humorous and ironic child-narration in the manner of Miguel Street. It shows Naipaul's sharp eye for social detail.

4. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni – The Bats

About the Author

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni (born 1956, Kolkata) moved to the USA for higher studies. She writes about Indian women, both in India and abroad. Her major works include The Mistress of Spices and Sister of My Heart. 'The Bats' opens her collection Arranged Marriage (1995).

Summary

A young girl narrates the story. She notices bruises on her mother's face, caused by her father's violence. One night the mother secretly takes her to a village to stay with an old relative, called Grandfather-uncle. The girl enjoys village life and goes fishing with the old man. In the mango orchard, bats are being poisoned, yet they keep coming back to the same place to die. A letter arrives from the father, and the mother decides to return to him. The girl understands, in her own way, that the mother is like the bats.

Themes and Symbols

• Domestic violence and women's helplessness in marriage.
• Symbol of bats: they keep returning to danger, just as the mother returns to her abusive husband.
• Innocence: the child narrator understands only partly, which increases the pathos.
• Social pressure on women to save their marriage.

Quick Comparison Table

Likely exam questions

1. (Long answer) Discuss the theme of identity and relationships in Jhumpa Lahiri's 'Nobody's Business'. Write a character sketch of Sang.
2. (Long answer) Examine 'The Bats' by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni as a story of domestic violence. How does the symbol of the bats add meaning to the story?
3. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on the epiphany of Suno in Anita Desai's 'Studies in the Park'.
4. (Short answer / short note) Why does the narrator call his mother 'the enemy' in V. S. Naipaul's story? Comment on the irony of the title.
5. (Short answer / short note) Write a short note on the use of the child narrator in 'The Bats' and 'The Enemy'.